The impact of fire on people / the human body

1. Apply the relevant principles and techniques of chemistry, physics,
   maths to the study of enclosure fire dynamics;
2. Critically review and quantify the impact of fire on people / the human
   body; and
3. Critically review the principles of modelling.
   Assignment Details
   Students are required to answer all questions. The assignment will carry 40%
   weighting of the total mark for this module. Question 1 to Question 4 is
   designed by Dr William Yan. Question 5 to Question 8 is designed by Dr
   Edgar Pang. Question 9 is designed by Dr Albert Yau.
   Submission Details
   This assignment and turnitin report should be submitted via Canvas by the
   deadline given above.
   Marking Criteria
   The Assignment will be marked according to the marking criteria as appended
   below.
    Question number and page number are provided
    Answers are clear, logical, structural and coherent
    Analysis are step-by-step justified
    Correct equations (if any) are used
    Abbreviations (if any) are elaborated
    Calculations (if any) are accurate
   Assessment Criteria Weight (%)
   Calculation 40%
   Knowledge 20%
   Analysis 20%
   Structure 20%
   2
   (Q1) Please list and explain the tenability criteria that is commonly used in the
   computational fluid dynamic (CFD) models by fire engineering design
   approach for the ASET study in accordance with the Hong Kong FS
   Code (Code of Practice for Fire Safety in Building 2011). Please also try
   to explain the impacts of the fire on the human body on the basis of the
   criteria you listed above.
   (Q2) A compartment with the following data is subjected to a fire. The
   compartment located in remote area is designed as office usage. The
   following information is given:
    Automatic smoke alarm is provided;
    No independent water supplies are provided;
    No firefighting devices are provided;
    The office is made of concrete, ρ=2500kg/m3
   ; cp=980J/kgK;
   k=1.5W/mK;
    There are two ventilation openings on the walls. The dimensions
   (breadth x height) are 3.6m x 1.5m for Opening 1 and 7.2m x
   1.5m for Opening 2;
    The breadth x length x height of the compartment is 7m x 14m
   x3m;
    Use Annex E of the Eurocode 1(Part 1-2) to determine the fire
   load density (MJ/m2
   ) incorporating appropriate factor of safety.
   Plot the temperature-time curve of the compartment fire for this office.
   (Q3) The wall of an industrial furnace is constructed from 150mm thick fireclay
   brick having a thermal conductivity k=1.7W/mK. Measurements make
   during steady state operation reveal temperatures of 1400K and 1150K
   at the inner and outer surfaces, respectively. What is the rate of heat
   loss through a wall that is 500mmx1200mm on a side?
   (Q4) Discuss and compare the ‘standard temperature-time curve (ISO834)’
   and the ‘parametric temperature-time curve (based on EN 1991-1-2)’.
   Assume that you are a fire engineer for a design task of structural fire
   resistant design in several compartment fire scenarios. How do you plan
   to incorporate both aforementioned fire curves in your work?
   (Q5)
   (a) Calculate the heat of combustion (∆Hc) of methanol (CH3OH) in
   liquid form for complete combustion based on the given data on
   heat of formation (∆Hf)
   (b) Write down the chemical reaction for incomplete combustion of
   methanol with CO and water vapour as products and hence
   estimate related heat released per mole of methanol consumed
   3
   (c) Discuss the errors for estimating possible heat released in real fire
   cases based on the results in part (a) and (b) with related
   assumptions
   Source: Table 1.1 Glassman, I. and Yetter, R. A., 2008, Figure 4.3,
   Combustion 4th Edition, Chapter 4, Section B, Page 6, Academic Press
   4
   (Q6) Based on View Factor F12 and View Factor Fd1-2. , establish the
   corresponding view factor between ceiling and a small fire on floor level
   at different locations (i) at centre, (ii) at the middle of side wall and (iii)
   at the corner of room with dimensions LxWxH
   Source: Figure A.2 and A.6, SFPE, 2016, SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection
   Engineering 5th Edition, Appendix A, Pages 3477 and 3481
   Y
   5
   (Q7) Based on the equation used to calculate upper layer temperature,
   analyze the variation of the results due to the changes in ambient
   temperature change from 280K to 310K for winter and summer
   respectively with proper assumption(s). Hence, deduce the
   corresponding impact on fire engineering analysis on fire resistance.

where ΔTg is the upper gas temperature rise above ambient, K;
Q is the heat release rate of fire, kW
g is the gravitational acceleration, 9.8 m/s2
cp is the specific heat capacity of air, J/(kg K)
ρ is the density of air, kg/m3
T is the ambient air temperature, K
Ao is the opening area, m2
Ho is the opening height, m
AT is the total area of compartment enclosing surface, m2
hk is the heat transfer coefficient
(Q8) (a) Analyze the effect of the heat transfer coefficient of wall and ceiling
materials for compartment fire development based on sketches of
Semenov Diagram.
(b) Hence, discuss the corresponding differences on the heat loss to
external for same compartment i) standalone like a bungalow and ii)
located deep inside a building.
(Q9)
(a) Differentiate between zone model and field model
(b) Give examples of simulation models for zone model and field model
(c) What are the concepts of zones?
(d) What is the importance in CFD model?