SCC300 Research Questions and Hypotheses for Course Project

SCC300 Research Questions and Hypotheses for Course Project Output from SPSS Analyses RQ1: Do male and female college students define “hook up culture” differently? How so? -Waiting for open-ended question to be coded to answer ? H1: Male and female college students will differ in their (a) use of dating apps, (b) motives for using dating apps, (c) attitudes toward dating apps, and (d) attitudes toward hook up culture. (H1a) Use of Dating Apps: FYI: This is a Chi Square on “Have You Used a Dating App (Yes/No)” and Sex. Crosstabs Case Processing Summary Cases Valid    Missing    Total N    Percent    N    Percent    N    Percent What is your sex? * Have you ever used a dating app?    558    88.2%    75    11.8%    633    100.0% What is your sex? * Have you ever used a dating app?  Crosstabulation Have you ever used a dating app?    Total Yes    No What is your sex?    Male    Count    86    91    177 Expected Count    73.0    104.0    177.0 % within What is your sex?    48.6%    51.4%    100.0% % within Have you ever used a dating app?    37.4%    27.7%    31.7% % of Total    15.4%    16.3%    31.7% Female    Count    144    237    381 Expected Count    157.0    224.0    381.0 % within What is your sex?    37.8%    62.2%    100.0% % within Have you ever used a dating app?    62.6%    72.3%    68.3% % of Total    25.8%    42.5%    68.3% Total    Count    230    328    558 Expected Count    230.0    328.0    558.0 % within What is your sex?    41.2%    58.8%    100.0% % within Have you ever used a dating app?    100.0%    100.0%    100.0% % of Total    41.2%    58.8%    100.0% Chi-Square Tests Value    df    Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)    Exact Sig. (2-sided)    Exact Sig. (1-sided) Pearson Chi-Square    5.810a    1    .016 Continuity Correctionb    5.373    1    .020 Likelihood Ratio    5.772    1    .016 Fisher's Exact Test                .017    .010 Linear-by-Linear Association    5.799    1    .016 N of Valid Cases    558 a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 72.96. b. Computed only for a 2x2 table (Hlb)Motives for Using Dating Apps: Group Statistics What is your sex?    N    Mean    Std. Deviation    Std. Error Mean I have used or currently use dating apps to increase my self-esteem.    Male    87    2.97    1.166    .125 Female    146    3.44    1.281    .106 I have used or currently use dating apps to potentially start a romantic relationship.    Male    87    2.94    1.223    .131 Female    145    2.82    1.251    .104 I have used or currently use dating apps to potentially meet new friends.    Male    87    2.61    1.165    .125 Female    145    2.48    1.236    .103 I have used or currently use dating apps to find sexual partners.    Male    87    3.61    1.145    .123 Female    145    2.19    1.178    .098 (More from analysis on next page) Independent Samples Test Levene's Test for Equality of Variances    t-test for Equality of Means F    Sig.    t    df    Sig. (2-tailed)    Mean Difference    Std. Error Difference    95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower    Upper I have used or currently use dating apps to increase my self-esteem.    Equal variances assumed    1.227    .269    -2.817    231    .005    -.473    .168    -.804    -.142 Equal variances not assumed            -2.885    194.533    .004    -.473    .164    -.796    -.150 I have used or currently use dating apps to potentially start a romantic relationship.    Equal variances assumed    .826    .364    .724    230    .470    .122    .168    -.210    .453 Equal variances not assumed            .728    184.405    .467    .122    .167    -.208    .452 I have used or currently use dating apps to potentially meet new friends.    Equal variances assumed    .443    .506    .812    230    .417    .133    .164    -.190    .457 Equal variances not assumed            .825    189.774    .411    .133    .162    -.186    .452 I have used or currently use dating apps to find sexual partners.    Equal variances assumed    .119    .731    8.999    230    .000    1.423    .158    1.111    1.735 Equal variances not assumed            9.065    185.364    .000    1.423    .157    1.113    1.733 (H1c) Attitudes Toward Dating Apps Group Statistics    What is your sex?    N    Mean    Std. Deviation    Std. Error Mean AttitudesTowardDatingApps_AVG    Male    174    2.7391    .56790    .04305 Female    380    2.5311    .57731    .02962 Independent Samples Test Levene's Test for Equality of Variances    t-test for Equality of Means F    Sig.    t    df    Sig. (2-tailed)    Mean Difference    Std. Error Difference    95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower    Upper AttitudesTowardDatingApps_AVG    Equal variances assumed    .612    .434    3.957    552    .000    .20803    .05258    .10476    .31130 Equal variances not assumed            3.981    340.643    .000    .20803    .05225    .10525    .31081 (H1d) Attitudes Toward Hook Up Culture Group Statistics What is your sex?    N    Mean    Std. Deviation    Std. Error Mean AttitudesTowardHookUpCulture_AVG    Male    170    3.2809    .47366    .03633 Female    362    2.9907    .42963    .02258 Independent Samples Test Levene's Test for Equality of Variances    t-test for Equality of Means F    Sig.    t    df    Sig. (2-tailed)    Mean Difference    Std. Error Difference    95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower    Upper AttitudesTowardHookUpCulture_AVG    Equal variances assumed    2.145    .144    7.028    530    .000    .29021    .04130    .20908    .37133 Equal variances not assumed            6.785    303.598    .000    .29021    .04277    .20603    .37438 RQ2: How is one’s class rank related to his or her attitude toward “hook up” culture? Descriptives AttitudesTowardHookUpCulture_AVG N    Mean    Std. Deviation    Std. Error    95% Confidence Interval for Mean    Minimum    Maximum Lower Bound    Upper Bound First Year    68    2.9982    .36555    .04433    2.9097    3.0866    2.25    4.00 Sophomore    109    3.0155    .42459    .04067    2.9349    3.0961    1.88    4.19 Junior    195    3.1298    .49188    .03522    3.0603    3.1993    1.75    4.38 Senior    141    3.1449    .49322    .04154    3.0628    3.2271    1.75    4.38 Graduate    25    2.9750    .38864    .07773    2.8146    3.1354    2.38    3.75 Total    538    3.0868    .46333    .01998    3.0475    3.1260    1.75    4.38 ANOVA AttitudesTowardHookUpCulture_AVG Sum of Squares    df    Mean Square    F    Sig. Between Groups    2.239    4    .560    2.639    .033 Within Groups    113.042    533    .212 Total    115.281    537 (More from this analysis on next page) Post Hoc Tests Multiple Comparisons Dependent Variable:   AttitudesTowardHookUpCulture_AVG Tukey HSD (I) What is your academic standing?    (J) What is your academic standing?    Mean Difference (I-J)    Std. Error    Sig.    95% Confidence Interval Lower Bound    Upper Bound First Year    Sophomore    -.01732    .07117    .999    -.2121    .1775 Junior    -.13165    .06486    .253    -.3092    .0459 Senior    -.14679    .06799    .197    -.3329    .0393 Graduate    .02316    .10771    1.000    -.2717    .3180 Sophomore    First Year    .01732    .07117    .999    -.1775    .2121 Junior    -.11433    .05508    .232    -.2651    .0364 Senior    -.12947    .05874    .180    -.2902    .0313 Graduate    .04048    .10212    .995    -.2390    .3200 Junior    First Year    .13165    .06486    .253    -.0459    .3092 Sophomore    .11433    .05508    .232    -.0364    .2651 Senior    -.01514    .05091    .998    -.1545    .1242 Graduate    .15481    .09783    .509    -.1130    .4226 Senior    First Year    .14679    .06799    .197    -.0393    .3329 Sophomore    .12947    .05874    .180    -.0313    .2902 Junior    .01514    .05091    .998    -.1242    .1545 Graduate    .16995    .09994    .434    -.1036    .4435 Graduate    First Year    -.02316    .10771    1.000    -.3180    .2717 Sophomore    -.04048    .10212    .995    -.3200    .2390 Junior    -.15481    .09783    .509    -.4226    .1130 Senior    -.16995    .09994    .434    -.4435    .1036 Homogeneous Subsets AttitudesTowardHookUpCulture_AVG Tukey HSDa,b What is your academic standing?    N    Subset for alpha = 0.05 1 Graduate    25    2.9750 First Year    68    2.9982 Sophomore    109    3.0155 Junior    195    3.1298 Senior    141    3.1449 Sig.        .215 Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed. a. Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 65.703. b. The group sizes are unequal. The harmonic mean of the group sizes is used. Type I error levels are not guaranteed. RQ3: How is one’s age related to his or her attitude toward “hook up” culture? Correlations    What is your Age (in years)?    AttitudesTowardHookUpCulture_AVG What is your Age (in years)?    Pearson Correlation    1    .000 Sig. (2-tailed)        .996 N    560    533 AttitudesTowardHookUpCulture_AVG    Pearson Correlation    .000    1 Sig. (2-tailed)    .996 N    533    547 RQ4: What is the association of relationship status and attitude toward “hook up” culture? Descriptives AttitudesTowardHookUpCulture_AVG N    Mean    Std. Deviation    Std. Error    95% Confidence Interval for Mean    Minimum    Maximum Lower Bound    Upper Bound Single    311    3.0697    .46117    .02615    3.0183    3.1212    1.75    4.38 Casually Dating    79    3.1883    .42982    .04836    3.0920    3.2846    2.38    4.38 In a Committed Relationship    134    3.0863    .49164    .04247    3.0023    3.1703    1.75    4.38 Engaged    5    2.9250    .25541    .11422    2.6079    3.2421    2.63    3.31 Married    7    2.7679    .32014    .12100    2.4718    3.0639    2.44    3.25 Divorced    3    3.0208    .50130    .28943    1.7755    4.2661    2.50    3.50 Total    539    3.0857    .46359    .01997    3.0465    3.1249    1.75    4.38 ANOVA AttitudesTowardHookUpCulture_AVG Sum of Squares    df    Mean Square    F    Sig. Between Groups    1.760    5    .352    1.647    .146 Within Groups    113.864    533    .214 Total    115.624    538 (No need for post hoc analyses) H2: There is a negative relationship between use of dating apps and favorable views of traditional relationships. Group Statistics Have you ever used a dating app?    N    Mean    Std. Deviation    Std. Error Mean AttitudesTowardTraditionalRelationships_WithoutRecode_AVG    Yes    231    2.6364    .73928    .04864 No    326    2.8413    .70868    .03925 Independent Samples Test Levene's Test for Equality of Variances    t-test for Equality of Means F    Sig.    t    df    Sig. (2-tailed)    Mean Difference    Std. Error Difference    95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower    Upper AttitudesTowardTraditionalRelationships_WithoutRecode_AVG    Equal variances assumed    .843    .359    -3.302    555    .001    -.20489    .06205    -.32678    -.08301 Equal variances not assumed            -3.278    482.318    .001    -.20489    .06250    -.32770    -.08208 H3: There is a positive relationship between the use of dating apps and favorable attitudes toward hook up culture. Group Statistics Have you ever used a dating app?    N    Mean    Std. Deviation    Std. Error Mean AttitudesTowardHookUpCulture_AVG    Yes    225    3.2017    .44909    .02994 No    314    3.0038    .45707    .02579 Independent Samples Test Levene's Test for Equality of Variances    t-test for Equality of Means F    Sig.    t    df    Sig. (2-tailed)    Mean Difference    Std. Error Difference    95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower    Upper AttitudesTowardHookUpCulture_AVG    Equal variances assumed    .375    .541    4.993    537    .000    .19788    .03963    .12003    .27574 Equal variances not assumed            5.007    487.661    .000    .19788    .03952    .12024    .27553 H4: Individuals with higher communication apprehension will have more positive attitudes about dating apps. Correlations ComApp_ Groups    ComApp_ Meetings    ComApp_ Interpersonal    ComApp_ PublicSpeaking    ComApp_Total    AttitudesTowardDatingApps_WithoutRecode_AVG ComApp_Groups    Pearson Correlation    1    .798**    .666**    .527**    .890**    -.096* Sig. (2-tailed)        .000    .000    .000    .000    .024 N    621    602    601    607    578    555 ComApp_Meetings    Pearson Correlation    .798**    1    .705**    .626**    .921**    -.099* Sig. (2-tailed)    .000        .000    .000    .000    .020 N    602    611    596    599    578    546 ComApp_Interpersonal    Pearson Correlation    .666**    .705**    1    .550**    .850**    -.096* Sig. (2-tailed)    .000    .000        .000    .000    .025 N    601    596    610    600    578    545 ComApp_PublicSpeaking    Pearson Correlation    .527**    .626**    .550**    1    .757**    -.023 Sig. (2-tailed)    .000    .000    .000        .000    .589 N    607    599    600    617    578    553 ComApp_Total    Pearson Correlation    .890**    .921**    .850**    .757**    1    -.090* Sig. (2-tailed)    .000    .000    .000    .000        .040 N    578    578    578    578    578    516 AttitudesTowardDatingApps_WithoutRecode_AVG    Pearson Correlation    -.096*    -.099*    -.096*    -.023    -.090*    1 Sig. (2-tailed)    .024    .020    .025    .589    .040 N    555    546    545    553    516    564 H5: Individuals with lower self-esteem will have more positive attitudes about dating apps. Correlations AttitudesTowardDatingApps_WithoutRecode_AVG    SelfEsteemAVG AttitudesTowardDatingApps_WithoutRecode_AVG    Pearson Correlation    1    .040 Sig. (2-tailed)        .346 N    564    555 SelfEsteemAVG    Pearson Correlation    .040    1 Sig. (2-tailed)    .346 N    555    620 RQ6: What is the association between an individual’s communication apprehension and motives for using dating apps? Correlations I have used or currently use dating apps to increase my self-esteem.    I have used or currently use dating apps to potentially start a romantic relationship.    I have used or currently use dating apps to potentially meet new friends.    I have used or currently use dating apps to find sexual partners.    ComApp_Total I have used or currently use dating apps to increase my self-esteem.    Pearson Correlation    1    .209**    .119    -.080    -.136* Sig. (2-tailed)        .001    .070    .221    .047 N    234    233    233    233    216 I have used or currently use dating apps to potentially start a romantic relationship.    Pearson Correlation    .209**    1    .356**    .254**    -.101 Sig. (2-tailed)    .001        .000    .000    .142 N    233    233    232    232    215 I have used or currently use dating apps to potentially meet new friends.    Pearson Correlation    .119    .356**    1    .204**    -.191** Sig. (2-tailed)    .070    .000        .002    .005 N    233    232    233    233    215 I have used or currently use dating apps to find sexual partners.    Pearson Correlation    -.080    .254**    .204**    1    .049 Sig. (2-tailed)    .221    .000    .002        .475 N    233    232    233    234    216 ComApp_Total    Pearson Correlation    -.136*    -.101    -.191**    .049    1 Sig. (2-tailed)    .047    .142    .005    .475 N    216    215    215    216    578 RQ7: What is the association between an individual’s self esteem and motives for using dating apps? Correlations I have used or currently use dating apps to increase my self-esteem.    I have used or currently use dating apps to potentially start a romantic relationship.    I have used or currently use dating apps to potentially meet new friends.    I have used or currently use dating apps to find sexual partners.    SelfEsteemAVG I have used or currently use dating apps to increase my self-esteem.    Pearson Correlation    1    .209**    .119    -.080    .183** Sig. (2-tailed)        .001    .070    .221    .005 N    234    233    233    233    230 I have used or currently use dating apps to potentially start a romantic relationship.    Pearson Correlation    .209**    1    .356**    .254**    .063 Sig. (2-tailed)    .001        .000    .000    .346 N    233    233    232    232    229 I have used or currently use dating apps to potentially meet new friends.    Pearson Correlation    .119    .356**    1    .204**    .116 Sig. (2-tailed)    .070    .000        .002    .081 N    233    232    233    233    229 I have used or currently use dating apps to find sexual partners.    Pearson Correlation    -.080    .254**    .204**    1    -.035 Sig. (2-tailed)    .221    .000    .002        .597 N    233    232    233    234    230 SelfEsteemAVG    Pearson Correlation    .183**    .063    .116    -.035    1 Sig. (2-tailed)    .005    .346    .081    .597 N    230    229    229    230    620 Demographics (Who was in our sample): Descriptive Statistics N    Minimum    Maximum    Mean    Std. Deviation What is your Age (in years)?    558    18    57    20.80    2.625 Valid N (listwise)    558 What is your sex? Frequency    Percent    Valid Percent    Cumulative Percent Valid    Male    178    28.2    31.9    31.9 Female    380    60.2    68.1    100.0 Total    558    88.4    100.0 Missing    System    73    11.6 Total    631    100.0 What is your academic standing? Frequency    Percent    Valid Percent    Cumulative Percent Valid    First Year    70    11.1    12.4    12.4 Sophomore    115    18.2    20.4    32.7 Junior    207    32.8    36.6    69.4 Senior    147    23.3    26.0    95.4 Graduate    26    4.1    4.6    100.0 Total    565    89.5    100.0 Missing    System    66    10.5 Total    631    100.0 What is your Ethnicity? Frequency    Percent    Valid Percent    Cumulative Percent Valid    Asian/Pacific Islander    67    10.6    12.2    12.2 Black/African-American    10    1.6    1.8    14.1 Hispanic/Latino    45    7.1    8.2    22.3 Native American    4    .6    .7    23.0 White/Caucasian    405    64.2    74.0    97.1 Middle Eastern    16    2.5    2.9    100.0 Total    547    86.7    100.0 Missing    System    84    13.3 Total    631    100.0 What is your current relationship status? Frequency    Percent    Valid Percent    Cumulative Percent Valid    Single    321    50.9    57.0    57.0 Casually Dating    82    13.0    14.6    71.6 In a Committed Relationship    145    23.0    25.8    97.3 Engaged    5    .8    .9    98.2 Married    7    1.1    1.2    99.5 Divorced    3    .5    .5    100.0 Total    563    89.2    100.0 Missing    System    68    10.8 Total    631    100.0 What is your sexual preference? Frequency    Percent    Valid Percent    Cumulative Percent Valid    Heterosexual    522    82.7    93.4    93.4 Homosexual    14    2.2    2.5    95.9 Bisexual    15    2.4    2.7    98.6 Questioning    8    1.3    1.4    100.0 Total    559    88.6    100.0 Missing    System    72    11.4 Total    631    100.0