Define and explain the relationships between the “greenhouse effect,” “global warming”, and “climate change.” Briefly describe the historical development of the scientific theory of anthropogenic global warming and climate change, including key contributions made by Fourier (circa 1824), Foote (circa 1856), Tyndall (circa 1859), Arrhenius (circa 1896), Callendar (circa 1938), Keeling (1958), Hansen (1988), and Mann (1998). Why does the very clear evidence of “natural” climate change, as associated with phenomena like earth’s orbital oscillations (Milankovitch cycles) and variations in solar output, not provide a valid reason for dismissing large bodies of scientific evidence indicating that contemporary climate change is mostly being driven by greenhouse gases emitted by modern human society? Why are ice cores such an important tool for understanding past climate change and informing projections of future climate change?