Popular religious sects an attractive alternative to orthodox values

  1. Why were popular religious sects an attractive alternative to orthodox values and organizations?
  2. What was the attitude of the state towards popular religious sects and the various other ‘bottom-up’ forms of voluntary association that flourished in the late imperial period?
  3. How would you account for the fact that the values espoused by popular religious sects such as the White Lotus were diametrically opposed to the official values and ideology of the imperial state, and what does this difference suggest about the degree of social and cultural cohesion in late imperial China?
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