Another important change has been the development of new technologies and capabilities to detect, prevent, and respond to terrorist attacks. For example, the federal government has invested heavily in airport security, cybersecurity, and bioterrorism preparedness.

In addition to these overarching changes, terrorism has also led to specific changes in the way that emergency and crisis management is conducted at the local level. For example, many cities and counties have created their own terrorism task forces and developed emergency plans specifically for terrorist attacks.

Here are some specific sources and examples of how terrorism has influenced emergency and crisis management in the United States:

• The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) was created in 2002 in response to the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. DHS is responsible for coordinating the federal government’s efforts to prevent, detect, and respond to terrorist attacks.
• The National Response Framework (NRF) was developed in 2004 to provide a blueprint for how federal, state, local, tribal, and private sector partners can work together to respond to a major incident. The NRF includes a number of annexes that provide specific guidance on responding to different types of incidents, including terrorist attacks.
• The Transportation Security Administration (TSA) was created in 2001 to improve security at airports and other transportation hubs. TSA is responsible for screening passengers and baggage, as well as conducting security patrols at transportation facilities.
• The Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) was created in 2018 to protect the nation’s critical infrastructure from cyberattacks. CISA provides guidance and assistance to state and local governments and private sector organizations on cybersecurity best practices.
• The National Guard has been increasingly involved in emergency and crisis management in recent years. The Guard has been activated to respond to a variety of incidents, including terrorist attacks, natural disasters, and civil disturbances.

These are just a few examples of how terrorism has influenced emergency and crisis management in the United States. Terrorism has had a profound impact on the way that we prepare for and respond to major incidents.

Here are some additional thoughts on the impact of terrorism on emergency and crisis management:

• Terrorism has led to a greater emphasis on prevention. Emergency and crisis managers are now more focused on preventing terrorist attacks from happening in the first place. This includes working with law enforcement agencies to gather intelligence and disrupt terrorist plots.
• Terrorism has also led to a greater focus on resilience. Emergency and crisis managers are now more focused on helping communities to recover from terrorist attacks. This includes providing support to victims and families, and rebuilding damaged infrastructure.

Overall, terrorism has had a significant impact on emergency and crisis management in the United States. It has led to changes in the way that the government coordinates its response to major incidents, as well as changes in the way that communities prepare for and recover from terrorist attacks.