Geriatrics
An 82-year-old man recently returned to the long-term care facility after hospitalization for open reduction internal fixation of the right hip. He has been divorced for over 50 years and has two adult children who visit him frequently in the nursing home. He has a 5-year history of mild to moderate dementia and known urinary tract infections. His last recorded mini mental state examination (MMSE) registered 18, which was 3 months ago. While in the hospital, he did have an indwelling catheter for 4 days. He has been incontinent since his return to the hospital but the staff their attributes this to the catheter and his deconditioned state following hospitalization. His medications include donepezil, memantine, and acetaminophen for pain and fever as needed. He has no other known medical problems except a history of multiple urinary tract infections throughout his lifetime that, according to his son, have required extensive antibiotic treatment. He enjoys drinking regular coffee throughout the day, says it is a habit he has had since his days in the service years ago. His family members and the nursing staff report that he has been very restless and has been unable to use the urinal on time the past couple of days.
Vital signs: T 99°F, HR 80, RR 18, BP 128/78, BMI 22.
Chief Complaint: Foul smelling urine, incontinence, restless
Discuss the following:
1) What additional subjective data are you seeking to include past medical history, social, and relevant family history?
2) What additional objective data will you be assessing for?
3) What are the differential diagnoses that you are considering?
4) What laboratory tests will help you rule out some of the differential diagnoses?
5) What radiological examinations or additional diagnostic studies would you order?
6) What treatment and specific information about the prescription that you will give this patient?
7) What are the potential complications from the treatment ordered?
8) What additional laboratory tests might you consider ordering?
9) What additional patient teaching may be needed?
10) Will you be looking for a consult?
Sample Answer
As a principal, advocating for and modeling ethical decisions, and cultivating professional norms, forms the bedrock of a thriving, strong learning community committed to the success of every student. This leadership is not passive; it is an active, visible, and consistent endeavor that permeates every aspect of school culture.
How a Principal Advocates and Models Ethical Decisions and Cultivates Professional Norms:
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Lead by Example (Modeling): The principal’s personal conduct is the most powerful tool. This means consistently demonstrating integrity in decision-making, fairness in all interactions (with students, staff, and parents), transparency in communication, and a profound belief that every child can learn and succeed. When staff witness the principal upholding these values even in challenging situations, it sets a clear standard for their own behavior. This includes admitting mistakes, taking responsibility, and showing vulnerability when appropriate.
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Explicit Communication and High Expectations (Advocacy): Ethical principles and professional norms are not merely implied; they are explicitly articulated and discussed. This involves regular conversations in staff meetings, professional development sessions, and individual coaching. The principal clearly communicates expectations for professional conduct, ethical decision-making, and the specific norms (integrity, equity, digital citizenship, diversity, inclusiveness) that define the school culture. This advocacy also extends to challenging unethical or unprofessional behavior swiftly and fairly, using these moments as learning opportunities for the entire community.