Topic: The topic is to examine the effectiveness of TF-CBT on adolescences age 12-17 who experience trauma in the United States.
Problem: The problem is adolescents require an effective evidence-based intervention to help them cope with trauma.
Supporting Evidence
Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) has been applied and relied upon more than other interventions like CBT since it helps children under trauma address upsetting beliefs and acquire skills for coping with life stressors. It demands the parents’ attention, and when they are involved, they cope effectively and support their children to overcome the trauma syndrome (Friedman et al., 2015). Trauma among teenagers is a serious issue that can be used for many things, including tragedies they have witnessed or even issues affecting the family members and friends. Therefore, TF-CBT intervention has been suggested as the best intervention for dealing with adolescents experiencing trauma (Yohannan & Carlson, 2019). Therefore, the project examining the TF-CBT’s effectiveness is paramount since it helps to identify how the approach has been helping children who are traumatized in the society. TF-CBT intervention involves a number of aspects which needs to be adhered to for the sake of evaluating the role and impact it has while handling the cases of trauma affecting teenagers.

TF-CBT is a global intervention and mitigation for trauma mostly experienced by teenagers. There is a need to go deeper to this intervention by considering how effectiveness in addressing trauma caused by a number of factors, including sexual abuse, exposure to a war environment, emotional abuse, parents’ divorce, and other causes (Morgan-Mullane, 2018). Therefore, studying the application of TF-CBT used to help children between 12 and 17 years will help evaluate its effectiveness as far as helping adolescents experiencing trauma in the United States. Moreover, it is vital to give attention to the children with intellectual disability and affected by trauma. Evaluating the effectiveness of TF-CBT as one of the recommended interventions will help in addressing trauma and other mental issues affecting children in the United States (Kameoka et al., 2015). The study will significantly strengthen evidence-based practices and come with effective policies to help children with intellectual disabilities since they are prone to trauma.

GAP
The gap in research study such as this means that the problem has yet to be answered by the existing studies within the field. In this case, there is an insufficient study on trauma exposure and TF-CBT impacts on adolescents with developmental disabilities. As a result, there is a need for research on the issue to examine how effective TF-CBT is when dealing with traumatized cases of children with disabilities. Researchers have recognized the significance and role of the TF-CBT when dealing with traumatized cases of children, especially those in the adolescent stage (Jensen et al., 2017). In a society like the United States, it has been found that one in six children or youth has a developmental disability, and this means that the problem is quite serious, especially for those under trauma.

Methodological approach is clearly defined and includes constructs, phenomena, variables, and population.
Methodological Approach
Provide a description and explanation of the methodological approach. The methodological approach must align to the topic, problem, supporting evidence, and data sources. Suggested length 2-3 paragraphs.

A methodological approach may refer to how a researcher intends to conduct his or her research using the specified or known methods in a discipline. The approach addresses key questions: “why, what, when, where” about the selected research project. The methodological approach that will be used in this research project is the essence of TF-CBT on adolescents aged 12-17 years who experience trauma in America. Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) explores ways trauma can impact people’s mental health and how they perceive and experience the world for a long time. It aids those who have been through trauma in seeing themselves as resilient while still educating them on how to properly regulate their emotions (Peters et al.,2021). According to Peters et al. (2021), TF-CBT is an effective technique for treating various mental disorders, including PTSD. TF-CBT has helped many people to report a sense of hope in their lives (Peters et al., 2021). For this reason, TF-CBT is a significant approach to handling trauma among individuals, mostly adolescents aged 12-17 in America.

The methodological approach for this project will entail performing an online study using primary and secondary sources where competent scholars have written on Trauma- Focus Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) and its effects on traumatized adolescents. Since both primary and secondary data will be collected online, this study will employ mixed methodologies (quantitative and qualitative). This study will be conducted online by collecting data from papers published within the past seven years, or between 2015 and 2022. “TF-CBT,” “trauma,” and “effectiveness” are some of the keywords that will be utilized to search for relevant papers. Articles will be obtained from relevant databases, such as JSTOR, Google Scholar, ProQuest, and PubMed. Articles published during the last seven years will be given preference because they contain the most current information. A PRISMA diagram will be utilized to assist in identifying the most pertinent sources. The review of the literature will be carried out methodically, with an emphasis on identifying studies that target adolescents in the United States. The increasing number of papers in the discipline motivates the decision to use a lecture review. This facilitates the analysis of all the evidence in the literature.

Population and Sample (including site if necessary)
Describe the general target population (e.g., size, characteristics). Suggested length 1-2 paragraphs.

Being among the largely populated nations globally, many people in the United States have been exposed to trauma (Bastien et al., 2020). Over half of all American children and Adolescents, for example, have been subjected to a minimum of one traumatic event which has been shown to affect both psychological and physical functioning (Bastien et al., 2020). The TF-CBT model of treatment has been used with various populations. Results have shown it to be very effective in reducing symptoms associated with exposure to various kinds of trauma and mental health concerns, including depression, anxiety disorders, PTSD, and substance abuse (Chipalo, 2021). This is of particular importance for adolescents with intellectual disabilities (ID), as many of these individuals are exposed to trauma (Chipalo, 2021). However, there are some concerns regarding how well TF-CBT works in this population. According to Chipalo (2021), TF-CBT’s effectiveness on refugee children and adolescents has little evidence based on insufficient research on the topic. Therefore, there is a great necessity for more research on TF-CBT’s effectiveness to enhance human understanding of its essence to adolescents’ mental health.
Currently, there is not sufficient research in this population to date about how effective this type of treatment is for reducing symptoms among adolescents with intellectual disabilities (Vatti et al., 2019). Additional studies on TF-CBT’s effectiveness are important as they can help professionals determine whether or not TF-CBT should be considered a form of treatment for the many adolescents exposed to trauma (Bastien et al., 2020). In general, adequate studies on the effective treatment strategies for trauma among adolescents are important and aid in reducing the increasing highland number of adolescents who have a mental disorder (Chipalo, 2021). Thus, scholars and health professionals need to input extra effort into this sector to enhance adolescents’ overall mental health statuses within America.

Constructs, Phenomena, Variables
Present evidence and explanation for the final choice of framework. Constructs, phenomena, and/or variables must align to the topic, problem, gap, and project questions. Suggested length 2-3 paragraphs.

A traumatic event refers to an experience of violence, injury or threat of violence, sexual assault or abuse, neglect, or family dysfunction that goes beyond what a person can tolerate and causes either psychological distress or physical harm. Most adolescents and adults have experienced one traumatic event in their lifetime (Kelber, 2019). Evidence shows cumulative effect of these experiences has lifelong consequences such as profoundly poor health, including mental and physical, and poorer educational achievement (Kelber et al., 2019). According to Kelber (2019), traumatic events are associated with psychological harm; thus, treatment is required. As a result, TF-CBT is among the commonly integrated strategies in dealing with traumatic stress and is mostly applied in treating adolescents with a traumatic disorder in the United States (Peters et al., 2021).
Trauma is associated with various mental challenges in individuals. For example, adolescents who go through trauma often suffer from depression, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and other emotional distress such as anger and guilt for lack of being able to prevent the traumatizing events from happening in the first place (Bastien et al., 2020). According to Bastien et al. (2020), adolescents and children display more severe PTSD symptoms than adults. Therefore, early treatment is necessary to avoid adverse effects on these individuals’ health. TF-CBT is a trauma-informed approach for treating children and adolescents, and the traumatic event must be within the past 12 months and is measured as either physical or psychological (Peters et al.,2021). Besides, adolescents are mostly exposed to PTSD following events like sexual or physical assault, accidents, and indirect exposure (Vatti et al., 2019). Only one trauma is mostly measured if someone has experienced more than one traumatic event. Therefore, this is a critical study that can help therapists determine which treatment method may be effective in reducing symptoms in their clients with these specific types of Childhood trauma.

Proposed Data Sources
Instrumentation and data collection tools address project concepts; ethical threats and their mitigation are detailed.
Measures or Artifacts to be Reviewed
Present a description of instrumentation or data collection tools. Measures or artifacts must closely align with the methodological approach. Suggested length 3-4 paragraphs.

This research employs a systematic review, a method that does not involve participants but synthesizes multiple primary resources, to collect the necessary data for the study. A systematic review is a methodical literature survey that summarizes, analyzes, and synthesizes a collection of related works. This enables one to test a hypothesis, generate new theories, and evaluate the quality or validity of existing literature against a predetermined criterion in order to identify flaws (Xiao & Watson, 2017). For the study, the review employs qualitative articles, a form of qualitative research that assists researchers in comprehending how and why different phenomena or behaviors occur (Sutton & Austin, 2015). It provides a synopsis of each section and compares and integrates their findings.
The materials will be retrieved from multiple databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Academic Search Complete (EBSCO), PsycArticles, PsychInfo , CAB Direct, EMBASE, are selected based on correlation, and stored securely for future use. Google Scholar is the primary database because it is among the most utilized platforms by researchers across multiple disciplines (Xiao & Watson, 2017). Additionally, the PubMed database will be used. On both platforms, the most important search terms are “types of ethical threats” and “ethical threat mitigation,” with the former generating approximately 651,000 results in Google Scholar and 135 in PubMed. Regarding the latter, Google Scholar and PubMed return 160 000 articles and 119 results, respectively. The selection of the resources is based on the correspondence between the titles and contents of the articles and the main topic of the study. The relevant sources will be placed on a flash drive that will be kept in a safe for future use.
How then is the significance of the returned primary articles determined? As mentioned previously, a paper is selected based on its content, particularly the abstract. To determine whether a journal is relevant or applicable to the study, the researcher reads the abstracts of the sources critically, thereby gaining an understanding of the topic or issue addressed in a particular paper. By doing so, one can determine whether the article contains the necessary information or data to prove the research hypothesis. This method is straightforward, requires little effort, and requires little time to read each abstract. Consequently, it permits the evaluation of multiple studies, which improves efficiency and validity.
Detailed Procedures
Present a description of the processes needed to complete the instruments by the participants or observers. Suggested length 3-4 paragraphs.

Using the beforementioned instruments to extract relevant data requires a three-step process. According to Xiao and Watson (2017), a successful or fruitful review consists of three principal stages: planning, conducting, and reporting (Xiao & Watson, 2017). During the first phase, which entails planning the analysis, the research problem and question are specified or written down, and a protocol for evaluating the study is developed; both of these elements serve to direct the review. Since the selection and synthesis of studies, among others, should be geared toward resolving the study’s concerns, the search topic or questions drive the entire survey procedure (Xiao & Watson, 2017). This phase of planning ensures a seamless flow of activities.
Second, the methodology includes a second phase of systematic literature review execution. When conducting the review, the researcher must complete four tasks. First, search databases for relevant documents and select primary studies (Xiao & Watson, 2017). In this study, the search is conducted using the primary keywords, and the selection of articles will be based on the strategy described in the preceding section, in which relevance is determined by reading the abstracts of the papers. In this phase of conducting the systematic review, other activities include summarizing each of the selected articles, data extraction using coding, data analysis and synthesis in which descriptive themes are identified and distilled into analytic themes, and data presentation (Xiao & Watson, 2017). Such an execution yields extremely significant results for the study.
Last but not least, the study presents the review’s findings. For this step, researchers must present the outcomes of all preceding procedures, including the literature search and screening (Xiao & Watson, 2017). In this study, the results of the systematic review are presented in two formats. Two uses visual representations, such as tables, graphs, and diagrams, in addition to detailed yet concise written descriptions. The review results play a significant role in determining the discussion and conclusion of the study, as they demonstrate whether the hypotheses exist or not.

Validity/Reliability/Credibility/Dependability
Identify and present the potential threats to reliability and validity (quantitative techniques) or trustworthiness (qualitative techniques). Include a proposed plan to mitigate the noted threats. Suggested length 1-2 paragraphs.

Due to the use of qualitative methods, the study’s credibility may be compromised. The conceptual challenges of a systematic review represent one of these possible threats. (Nyirenda et al., 2020) Qualitative research networks face a conceptual problem with interesting findings across contexts, with inaccuracy being the primary issue. In addition, there is the possibility of researcher bias during the systematic review of related works. A researcher is a person with opinions, beliefs, perspectives, and preferences that could heavily influence the selection, analysis, or decision-making process, causing one to omit adequate explanations in the study report (Gunawan, 2015). In such a circumstance, bias arises, which may lead to erroneous findings or the delivery of an ineffective report, eliciting criticism from the audience—a sign of unreliability. Through the use of a systematic plan, a detailed transcription, and computer programs for coding, such threats can be mitigated (Gunawan, 2015). These methods eliminate the researcher’s reliance on subjective opinions and ensure that he or she employs objective methods that produce credible results.

Proposed Data Collection/ Sampling
Describe sampling, recruitment, data collection procedures, and potential ethical considerations.
Sampling Strategy, Number participants
Describe, explain, and justify the sampling strategy to be used. Suggested length 2-3 paragraphs.

The deliverable of this study will not require a specific site. I will be writing a monograph on the impact TF-CBT has on adolescents aged 12-17 in the United States. The deliverable of this study is a research monograph and will not require participants at a site but rather to conduct a systematic review (Thombs et al., 2020). This systematic review will integrate and compare findings from qualitative material, looking for themes while implementing a thematic analysis (Thombs et al., 2020). It is a deliverable employed to deduce solutions to an issue; it is critical to identify an issue and establish strategies to solve the issue. The deliverable explores the process of conducting and employing qualitative research methods. The study will engage in searching primary and secondary scholarly studies in various databases such as Academic Search Complete (EBSCO), PsycArticles, PsychInfo, PubMed, CAB Direct, EMBASE, and UpToDate, among others. The articles selected for the study will additionally be selected based on themes correlated to the study’s main topic, for example, foster children, mental health disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder among teenagers/adolescents, and TF-CBT intervention.
Recruitment Procedures
Provide a recruitment process to identify, screen, and recruit participants as it aligns with the methodological approach. Present the inclusion and exclusion criteria for participating in the project. Suggested length 2-3 paragraphs.

The study will investigate the topic of study using both primary and secondary sources. Because the research will be conducted online, no specific sampling will be performed. The population target group, on the other hand, is known traumatized adolescents aged 12 to 17. The geographic target population will be within the United States. Exclusion criteria will include studies on adults or children who are not in the study age group. Furthermore, adults and children under the age of 12 are permitted to participate in this study. Articles relating to the above- mentioned topics will not be considered.

Data Collection Process
Provide a logical step-by-step data collection process as it aligns with the methodological approach. Suggested length 3-4 paragraphs.

As previously mentioned, materials will be retrieved from multiple databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Academic Search Complete (EBSCO), PsycArticles, PsychInfo , CAB Direct, EMBASE, are selected based on correlation, and stored securely for future use. Google Scholar is the primary database because it is among the most utilized platforms by researchers across multiple disciplines (Xiao & Watson, 2017). Additionally, the PubMed database will be used. On both platforms, the most important search terms are “types of ethical threats” and “ethical threat mitigation,” with the former generating approximately 651,000 results in Google Scholar and 135 in PubMed. Regarding the latter, Google Scholar and PubMed return 160 000 articles and 119 results, respectively. The selection of the resources is based on the correspondence between the titles and contents of the articles and the main topic of the study. The relevant sources will be placed on a flash drive that will be kept in a safe for future use.
Ethical Considerations
Identify potential ethical issues and provide a proposed plan to adhere to strict ethical standards. Include details regarding privacy, confidentiality, and data security procedures and concerns. Suggested length 1-2 paragraphs.

For such an activity, ethical issues must be maintained, one of which is the protection of participants. The research team will perform primary and secondary research rather than collecting data directly from the participants, ensuring that the participants’ identities are secured. There will be no direct interaction with the subjects, reducing the risk of ethical violations during the research. One of the ethical concerns is that informed consent would be impossible to get. However, because the data will come from a secondary source, the study paper will be able to avoid this problem by using ready-made data. Before performing their investigation, it will be required to verify whether the primary and secondary data sources followed the proper approach.
Any research paper strives to do such. Take the least amount of risk feasible during the research and get the most out of it. Contact with participants is one of the most dangerous aspects of research since it increases the chances of breaking different codes. There will be no interaction with the participants because primary and secondary sources will give all of the information needed for the article (Bailey, n.d.). Given the sensitivity of the target group, this placed the study in the low-risk category. The research report recognizes that it will be gathering data from a vulnerable demographic, necessitating extra caution when conducting the study. Because kids are in foster care, the participants are vulnerable. Apart from that, they are minors who are unable to agree. The data will be gathered indirectly from research materials; the children under 12 are not participating in the study. Primary and secondary sources should have taken further precautions to safeguard minors by ensuring that they are supervised.