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• Differentiate between caloric and nutritional needs.
• Explain the link between malnutrition and disease and disorders.
• Identify the benefits of physical exercise to body and mental function.
• Explain why a life course perspective is vital in the study of stress.
• Discuss the challenges that impact the study of coping skills.
In short: Calories provide the fuel (energy), while nutrients provide the building blocks and regulators (materials and instructions). You can consume enough calories from poor sources (e.g., highly processed sugar) but still be severely lacking in essential nutrients.
Malnutrition refers to a faulty or inadequate diet, encompassing both undernutrition (deficiency of energy and/or specific nutrients) and overnutrition (excessive intake of energy/nutrients, often leading to obesity).
Weakened Immune System (Undernutrition): A deficiency in key nutrients like Vitamin C, Vitamin D, Zinc, and protein compromises the body's ability to produce immune cells (e.g., lymphocytes and antibodies). This makes the individual highly susceptible to infectious diseases (e.g., respiratory infections, diarrheal diseases).
Chronic Diseases (Overnutrition): Excess caloric intake, particularly from saturated fats and simple sugars, leads to visceral fat accumulation and systemic inflammation. This is a primary driver for Type 2 Diabetes, cardiovascular diseases (hypertension, atherosclerosis), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and certain cancers.
Developmental Disorders (Fetal/Childhood Undernutrition): Deficiencies during critical periods, such as lack of Folic Acid during pregnancy, can cause neural tube defects (e.g., spina bifida). Lack of Iodine can lead to irreversible intellectual disability (cretinism), and lack of iron leads to anemia and impaired cognitive development.