Full Answer Section

Ethnic Divisions and Political Fragmentation

Ethnic divisions are prevalent in many less-developed countries, often stemming from historical conflicts, cultural differences, and unequal access to resources. These divisions can fuel political fragmentation, making it difficult to forge a unified national identity and build a cohesive political system. Ethnic rivalries can lead to political instability, violence, and secessionist movements, further undermining state-building efforts.

Weak Institutions and Resource Scarcity

Less-developed countries often struggle with weak and corrupt institutions, a lack of rule of law, and limited resources for governance. These factors hinder the ability of the state to provide essential services, enforce laws, and ensure accountability, leading to public dissatisfaction and mistrust of government institutions.

National Identity and Legitimacy

The lack of a strong national identity can erode the legitimacy of the state and make it difficult to mobilize citizens for collective action. When a significant portion of the population identifies more strongly with their ethnic group or region than with the nation as a whole, it becomes challenging to build a sense of national unity and shared purpose.

Role of Ethnic and National Elites

Ethnic and national elites can play both constructive and destructive roles in state-building. In some cases, they can promote national unity, advocate for inclusive policies, and facilitate reconciliation between different groups. However, in other cases, ethnic elites may exploit their positions to advance their own interests, exacerbate ethnic divisions, and undermine the legitimacy of the state.

In conclusion, the challenges faced by less-developed countries in building effective states are multifaceted and deeply intertwined with ethnic and national identities. Overcoming these challenges requires addressing historical legacies, promoting inclusive governance, fostering a shared national identity, and empowering citizens to participate in the political process.