Full Answer Section

Example of a Reliable but Not Valid Test:

A classic example is a test that measures shoe size to predict intelligence. While shoe size might be a reliable measure (consistent results), it is not a valid measure of intelligence.

Stratification: A Persistent Social Issue

The concept of stratification refers to the hierarchical arrangement of individuals or groups in society. This can be based on various factors, including socioeconomic status, race, gender, and age.  

A contemporary example of stratification is the digital divide. This refers to the gap between those who have access to technology and those who do not. This divide can exacerbate existing social inequalities, as those with access to technology have greater opportunities for education, employment, and social engagement.  

While efforts have been made to bridge the digital divide, it persists, particularly in developing countries and marginalized communities. While the accessibility of technology has increased over time, disparities in access and digital literacy remain. It is likely that this form of stratification will continue to be a challenge in the near future, although ongoing efforts to provide affordable internet access and digital literacy training may help to mitigate its impact.